2. Data Communication and Networking [Most Important Questions and Solutions]

IMPORTANT OLD QUESTION OF Data Communication and Networking

2081 GIE Set A Q.No. 15 a) Why do network designers prefer to use switches in a LAN network? Explain briefly with any three suitable reasons.

Ans:

A switch is a device that connects multiple devices on a local network. It uses MAC addresses to forward data packets to the correct device on the network.

Network designers prefer to use switches in a LAN (Local Area Network) because they improve performance, efficiency, and security. Here are three key reasons:

1. Faster Data Transmission (Better Performance):

Ø  Switches use MAC addresses to forward data directly to the intended device instead of broadcasting to all devices (as hubs do).

Ø  This reduces network congestion and improves speed in high-traffic environments.

2. Enhanced Security:

Ø  Switches allow network segmentation using VLANs (Virtual LANs), preventing unauthorized access between departments.

Ø  Unlike hubs, which broadcast data to all devices, switches send data only to the intended recipient, reducing the risk of data interception.

3. Collision-Free Communication (Full-Duplex Mode):

Ø  Switches support full-duplex communication, meaning data can be sent and received simultaneously without collisions.

Ø  This increases network efficiency, especially in busy networks, compared to traditional hubs that operate in half-duplex mode.

 

2081 GIE Set A Q.No. 15 b) Why do people prefer star topology as a LAN to set up in an organization like a bank? Give any three suitable reasons/purposes.

Ans:

Star topology is a network topology where all devices are connected to a central hub or switch, which manages communication.

People prefer star topology as a LAN to set up in an organization like a bank because it offers several advantages as follows:

1. Scalability and Centralized Management:

Ø  Easy to add or remove nodes without affecting the entire network.

Ø  Simplifies network monitoring and management with a central hub.

2. Reliability and Flexibility:

Ø  Node failures do not disrupt the entire network.

Ø  Supports various network media and configurations.

3. Cost-Effectiveness and Performance: 

Ø  Generally lower installation and maintenance costs.

Ø  Optimized for efficient data transfer.

These features make star topology a practical and efficient choice for many network designs in an organization like a bank.

 

2081 Q.No. 15 How does the star network topology differ from the bus network topology in terms of its architectural layout and data transmission methodology in modern computing environments? [8]

Ans:

Basis of Differentiation	Bus Topology	Star Topology
Description	All devices are connected to a single central cable (bus) that acts as the communication medium.	All devices are connected to a central hub or switch, which manages communication.
Data Transmission	Broadcast-based – All devices receive data, but only the intended recipient processes it.	Hub-based – Data is sent to the central hub, which forwards it to the recipient.
Cost	Low – Requires less cabling.	Higher – Needs more cables and a central hub.
Setup Complexity	Simple to set up.	Easy to install but needs a central hub.
Scalability	Limited – Adding more devices slows down performance.	High – Devices can be added without disrupting the network.
Performance	Degrades with more devices or heavy traffic.	Better as traffic is managed by the hub.
Reliability	Main cable failure crashes the network.	Hub failure disables the network, but individual device failures do not affect others.
Troubleshooting	Difficult – Finding faults in the main cable is challenging.	Easy – Issues can be isolated to individual devices or the hub.
Pros	1. Easy to set up and extend. 2. Low cost for small networks as it Requires less cable.	1. Easy to install and troubleshoot. 2. Failure of one device does not affect the network.
Cons	1. If the main cable fails, the entire network goes down. 2. Performance degrades with traffic.	1. Requires a central hub, increasing cost. 2. If the central hub fails, the entire network goes down.

 

2079 Set A Q.No. 15 Compare the star and ring topology with pros and cons. Which of the data communication cable is more appropriate to design the local area network? Describe. [5+3]

2079 GIE Set B Q.No. 11 OR Compare the star and ring topology with its features. [5]

2077 Set D Q.No. 5 Compare the star and ring topology. [5]

2064 Q.No. 10 What is networking? Distinguish between star topology and ring topology of networking principles with the help of clear diagrams. [5]

Ans:

Basis of differentiation (Features)	Ring Topology	Star Topology
Description	A network topology where devices are arranged in a closed-loop structure, with each device connected to exactly two others.	A network topology where all devices are connected to a central hub or switch, which manages communication.
Cost	Moderate (circular layout needs additional cabling).	High (requires more cables and a central hub).
Scalability	Moderate; adding devices can affect the loop.	High; easy to add devices without disrupting the network.
Performance	Predictable, but slower in high-traffic scenarios.	High, as traffic is managed by the central hub.
Reliability	Single failure can disrupt the entire network.	Central hub failure disables the network, but individual failures do not.
Troubleshooting	Moderate; failure in a single device impacts the loop.	Easy; issues are isolated to individual devices or the hub.
Data Transmission	Token-passing; a token circulates in the loop, granting devices permission to transmit.	Hub-based; data is sent to the central hub, which forwards it to the recipient.
Pros	1. Data travels in one direction, reducing collisions. 2. Equal access to resources for all devices.	1. Easy to install and troubleshoot. 2. Failure of one device does not affect the network.
Cons	1. If one device fails, the entire network can be disrupted. 2. Difficult to troubleshoot.	1. Requires a central hub, increasing cost. 2. If the central hub fails, the entire network goes down.

See on 2080 GIE Set A Q.No. 15 for second question

 

2080 GIE Set A Q.No. 15 Describe the CAT-6 and optical fiber cable features. Which of the cable categories is more suitable to develop the local area network? [5+3]

Ans:

CAT 6 cable, also known as Category 6 cable, is a type of twisted pair cable that is designed for high-speed data transmission. It is commonly used in Ethernet networks and other high-speed data communication systems.

Some features of CAT 6 are as follows:

1. Speed: Supports data transfer speeds up to 1 Gbps (10 Gbps over short distances).
2. Bandwidth: Provides a bandwidth of 250 MHz, higher than CAT-5e.
3. Distance: Effective up to 100 meters for high-speed data transfer.
4. Shielding: Available in shielded (STP) and unshielded (UTP) versions to reduce interference.
5. Cost: More affordable than optical fiber, making it ideal for home and office networks.

 

Optical fiber cable is a high-speed data transmission medium that uses light signals to transmit data over long distances. It consists of thin strands of glass or plastic fibers that carry light pulses, making it ideal for high-bandwidth and long-distance communication.

Some features of Optical fiber are as follows:

1. Speed: Supports extremely high speeds, ranging from 10 Gbps to 100 Gbps or more.
2. Distance: Can transmit data over long distances (up to 40-100 km) without signal loss.
3. Immunity to Interference: Completely immune to electromagnetic interference (EMI) and radio frequency interference (RFI).
4. Security: Highly secure, as it is difficult to tap into light signals without detection.
5. Bandwidth: Offers extremely high bandwidth, making it ideal for data-intensive applications.

 

Category 6 (CAT 6) cables are more suitable to develop the local area network because of the following features:

1.       High-Speed Data Transfer: CAT 6 supports up to 1 Gbps over 100 meters and 10 Gbps over shorter distances, ideal for modern networks.

2.       High Bandwidth: CAT 6 offers a bandwidth of 250 MHz, ensuring smooth handling of large data and minimizing delays.

3.       Reduced Interference: Better shielding and tighter twists in CAT 6 cables reduce crosstalk, improving connection reliability.

4.       Future-Proofing: CAT 6 cables are compatible with newer technologies and standards, making it a long-term investment.

5.       Durable and Cost-Effective: CAT 6 cables are made with high-quality materials, offering a balance between performance, durability, and affordability.

 

2080 GIE Set B Q.No. 15 Compare the bus and star network topology. Which of the network cable is suitable to design the network in the school's network? Justify. [4+4]

Ans:

See on 2081 Q.No. 15 for first question.

Category 6 (CAT 6) cables are suitable to design the network in the school's network because of the following features:

6.       High-Speed Data Transfer: CAT 6 supports up to 1 Gbps over 100 meters and 10 Gbps over shorter distances, ideal for modern networks.

7.       High Bandwidth: CAT 6 offers a bandwidth of 250 MHz, ensuring smooth handling of large data and minimizing delays.

8.       Reduced Interference: Better shielding and tighter twists in CAT 6 cables reduce crosstalk, improving connection reliability.

9.       Future-Proofing: CAT 6 cables are compatible with newer technologies and standards, making it a long-term investment.

10.   Durable and Cost-Effective: CAT 6 cables are made with high-quality materials, offering a balance between performance, durability, and affordability.

11.   Backward Compatibility: If the school already has CAT-5e or older networking equipment, CAT-6 can work with existing infrastructure, reducing upgrade costs.

 

2080 Q.No. 15 What is network topology? Differentiate between guided (wire media) and unguided (wireless media) with example. [2+6]

2075 GIE Q.No. 10 Differentiate between bounded and unbounded transmission media. [5]

2073 Set C Q.No. 10 Differentiate between guided and unguided networking media. [5]

Ans:

Network topology is the arrangement or layout of computers, devices and connections within a network, defining how they interact and exchange data. Some common types of network topologies are as follows:

1) Bus Topology: All devices are connected to a single central cable, known as the bus.

2) Star Topology: All devices are connected to a central hub or switch.

3) Ring Topology: Each device is connected to exactly two other devices, forming a circular data path.

 

The differences between guided (wire media) and unguided (wireless media) with example are as follows:

Basis of Differentiation	Guided Media(bounded)	Unguided Media(unbounded)
Definition	Guided media refers to transmission that uses a physical pathway to direct signals from the sender to the receiver.	Unguided media refers to wireless transmission where the signal travels through free space (air, vacuum, or water) without a physical conductor.
Medium	Uses physical cables like wires or optical fibers to transmit signals	Uses free space (air, vacuum, or water) to transmit signals
Signal Direction	Confined to a specific path (through cables)	Broadcasts signals in all directions
Security	More secure as data stays within cables	Less secure since signals can be intercepted
Interference	Minimal interference due to shielding in cables	More prone to interference from weather, obstacles, and other signals
Examples	Twisted pair cables, coaxial cables, optical fiber	Radio waves, microwaves, infrared
Applications	Used in LANs, wired internet connections and high-speed internet.	Used in Wi-Fi, mobile networks, satellite communication and broadcasting.

 

2079 GIE Set A Q.No. 15 Explain client-server and peer-to-peer network architecture with diagram. [8]

2081 GIE Set B Q.No. 15 Explain client-server and peer-to-peer network architecture with their diagrams. Write any two advantages and disadvantages of each.

2073 Supp Q.No. 9 Explain peer-to-peer and client/server network. [2.5+2.5]

2066 Q.No. 4 Define Network Architecture. Explain client-server and peer-to-peer network. [2+5]

Ans:

Network Architecture refers to the design and structure of a computer network, including its hardware, software, communication protocols, and transmission media. It defines how devices are connected and how data is transmitted and managed across the network.Networks can be broadly categorized into client-server and peer-to-peer (P2P) based on their architecture and how devices interact.

A client-server network is a type of network where one or more centralized computers (called servers) provide resources, services, or data to multiple other computers (called clients). The server manages and controls access to resources, while clients request and use those resources. Some examples are Web browsing, email, online banking, cloud storage, etc.

Advantages of client-server network architecture are as follows:

1.       Centralized Management: Easier to manage and secure data since everything is stored on the server.

2.       Scalability: Can handle a large number of clients by upgrading the server.

Disadvantages of peer-to-peer network architecture are as follows:

1.       Single Point of Failure: If the server goes down, the entire network is affected.

2.       Costly: Requires expensive hardware and maintenance for the server.

 

A peer-to-peer network is a decentralized network where all devices (called peers) are equal and can act as both clients and servers. Each device can share resources (like files or processing power) and access resources from other devices directly, without the need for a central server. Some examples are Torrenting, blockchain, P2P gaming, VoIP, etc.

Advantages of client-server network architecture are as follows:

1.       Cost-Effective: No need for a dedicated server, reducing costs.

2.       Decentralized: No single point of failure; if one peer goes down, others can still communicate.

Disadvantages of peer-to-peer network architecture are as follows:

1.       Less Secure: Harder to manage security since each device is independent.

2.       Limited Scalability: Not suitable for large networks as it becomes difficult to manage.

 

2075 Set A Q.No. 9 Differentiate between peer-to-peer and client/server network. [5]

Ans:

Some key differences between Client-Server and Peer-to-Peer (P2P) network architectures are as follows:

Basis of Difference	Client-Server Network	Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Network
Definition	A centralized network where a server provides resources to multiple clients.	A decentralized network where all devices (peers) share resources directly.
Resource Management	Resources are stored and managed centrally on the server.	Resources are distributed across all peers.
Dependency	Clients depend on the server for resources and services.	No dependency on a central server; peers rely on each other.
Cost	Expensive due to the need for a dedicated server and maintenance.	Cost-effective as no dedicated server is required.
Scalability	Highly scalable; can handle many clients by upgrading the server.	Less scalable; performance decreases as the number of peers increases.
Security	More secure as the server controls access and data.	Less secure as each peer manages its own security.
Reliability	Single point of failure; if the server goes down, the network is affected.	No single point of failure; if one peer goes down, others can still communicate.
Examples	Web browsing (Google), email services (Gmail), online banking.	Torrenting (BitTorrent), blockchain (Bitcoin), P2P gaming (Minecraft LAN).
Use Case	Suitable for large networks with centralized control (e.g., businesses, organizations).	Suitable for small networks or file-sharing systems (e.g., home networks).

 

2078 NEB Model Q.No 15 Why do most of the business organizations prefer setting their network with the client-server architecture? Write its advantages and disadvantages.

Ans:

A client-server network is a type of network where one or more centralized computers (called servers) provide resources, services, or data to multiple other computers (called clients). The server manages and controls access to resources, while clients request and use those resources.

Most business organizations prefer setting up their networks using client-server architecture because it offers several advantages that align with the needs of businesses as follows:

1.       Centralized Management: Easier to manage and update software and data, since everything is centralized on the server.

2.       Scalability: Can handle a large number of clients by upgrading server capacity.

3.       Security: Centralized control allows for better security management.

4.       Data Consistency: Centralized database ensures consistent data across the network.

5.       Maintenance: Easier to perform maintenance tasks like backups and updates.

Some disadvantages of client-server architecture are as follows:

1.       Single Point of Failure: If the server goes down, the entire network or service may be disrupted.

2.       Cost: Servers can be expensive to set up and maintain.

3.       Performance Bottlenecks: Server overload can lead to performance issues if not properly scaled.

4.       Dependency: Clients rely heavily on the server for services and data.

5.       Complexity: Setting up and maintaining a client-server architecture can be complex and require specialized knowledge.

 

2079 GIE Set B Q.No. 11 Describe the class C IP address with an example. [5]

Ans:

A Class C IP address is a type of IP address used in IPv4 addressing to identify a network of devices on small to medium-sized local networks. Key Characteristics of Class C IP address are as follows:

Ø  Range: The first octet (first 8 bits) of a Class C IP address ranges from 192 to 223.

Ø  Structure:

The first three octets (24 bits) represent the network portion.

The last one octet (8 bits) represents the host portion.

Ø  Subnet Mask: The default subnet mask for Class C is 255.255.255.0.

Ø  Host Capacity: Each Class C network can support up to 254 hosts 

Ø  Example: 192.168.1.10 is a Class C IP address where:

192.168.1 is the network portion.

10 is the host portion.

 

2078 NEB Model Q.No 15 How do you implement the Class C IP address in the local area network? Describe.  [8]

Ans:

A Class C IP address is a type of IP address used in IPv4 addressing to identify a network of devices on small to medium-sized local networks. To implement a Class C IP address in a LAN, we need to follow these steps:

1.    Obtain a Class C IP Address:

Use private Class C IP ranges (e.g., 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255) for internal networks.

For public networks, obtain a Class C IP address range from your Internet Service Provider (ISP).

2.    Configure the Router:

Set the router's LAN IP address (gateway) within the Class C range.

Example:

Gateway IP: 192.168.1.1

Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0

This gateway IP serves as the default route for all devices in the LAN.

3.    Assign IP Addresses to Devices:

Assign each device a unique Class C IP address within the network range.

Example:

Device 1: 192.168.1.2

Device 2: 192.168.1.3

Device 3: 192.168.1.4

4.    Configure the Subnet Mask:

Set the subnet mask to 255.255.255.0 for a standard Class C network.

This subnet mask divides the IP address into network and host portions.

5.    Set Up DNS (Domain Name System):

Configure the router or devices with a DNS server address (e.g., your ISP’s DNS or public DNS like Google’s 8.8.8.8).

This allows devices to resolve domain names into IP addresses for internet access.

6.    Test the Network:

Use commands like ping to check connectivity between devices and the router.

Example: ping 192.168.1.1 (router’s IP).

Test internet access if applicable.

Note: Class C IP addresses are not used for public IP addresses, and they are not routable on the internet. They are used only for private networks.

 

2078 Set C Q.No. 11 Explain about coaxial cable and fiber optics cable. [5]

2075 Set A Q.No. 10 What is transmission media? Write advantages of optical fiber cable. [1+4]

2074 Set A Q.No. 10 What is optical fiber cable in the networking system? [5]

Ans:

A transmission medium is a pathway that carries the information from the sender to the receiver. It can be either guided (wired) or unguided (wireless).

Coaxial Cable:

Coaxial cable (often called "coax") is a type of electrical cable consisting of a central conductor, an insulating layer, a metallic shield, and an outer insulating jacket. It is widely used for transmitting high-frequency electrical signals with low loss, making it ideal for telecommunications, Cable TV, broadband internet, and CCTV systems. For Example: RG-6 (cable TV), RG-59 (CCTV), RG-11 (long-distance).

Advantages:

a)       Good bandwidth for high-frequency signals.

b)      Resistant to interference.

c)       Durable and easy to install.

Disadvantages:

a)       Bulkier and less flexible than twisted pair cables.

b)      Limited distance without signal boosters.

Fiber Optic Cable:

Optical fiber cable is a high-speed data transmission medium that uses light signals to transmit data over long distances. It consists of thin strands of glass or plastic fibers that carry light pulses, making it ideal for high-bandwidth and long-distance communication.

Fiber Optic Cable: Uses light pulses to transmit data through glass or plastic fibers.

Ø  Types: Single-mode (long-distance) and multimode (short-distance).

Ø  Applications: Telecommunications, internet backbones, and data centers.

Ø  Advantages: Extremely high bandwidth, long-distance transmission.

Ø  Disadvantages: Expensive, fragile, complex installation.

Advantages of fiber optic cable are as follows:

1. High bandwidth: It can transmit more data at a faster rate.
2. Low signal loss: The signal can travel long distances without degradation.
3. Resistance to electromagnetic interference: It is immune to electromagnetic interference.
4. Security: It is difficult to tap, making it a secure option for transmitting sensitive data.

 

2071 Set C Q.No. 19 Describe the 'Coaxial cable' and 'Satellite' with examples. [2.5+2.5]

2072 Set E Q.No. 15a | 2069 Q.No. 15a | 2069 Q.No. 15b | 2067 Q.No. 12b | 2062 Q.No. 12b Write short note on Satellite.  [2.5]

2069 Q.No. 15a | 2067 Q.No. 12a | 2062 Q.No. 12a Coaxial Cable [2.5]

Ans:

Coaxial cable (often called "coax") is a type of electrical cable consisting of a central conductor, an insulating layer, a metallic shield, and an outer insulating jacket. It is widely used for transmitting high-frequency electrical signals with low loss.

Examples:

a)       Cable TV: Used to deliver television signals to homes (e.g. RG-6 cable).

b)      Broadband Internet: Used by cable modems to provide high-speed internet.

c)       CCTV Systems: Connects security cameras to recording devices. (e.g. RG-59)

d)      Older Ethernet Networks: Used in early networking systems (e.g. 10BASE2).

Advantages:

d)      Good bandwidth for high-frequency signals.

e)      Resistant to interference.

f)        Durable and easy to install.

Disadvantages:

c)       Bulkier and less flexible than twisted pair cables.

d)      Limited distance without signal boosters.

 

Satellite communication is a wireless technology that uses satellites in space to transmit and receive signals over long distances. It is ideal for global communication and remote areas where wired connections are not feasible.

Examples:

a)       Satellite TV: Provides television channels to homes (e.g. Dish TV).

b)      GPS (Global Positioning System): Used for navigation and location tracking.

c)       Internet Services: Provides internet access in remote areas (e.g. Starlink).

d)      Weather Forecasting: Satellites collect and transmit weather data.

e)      Military and Defence: Used for secure communication and surveillance.

Advantages:

a)       Covers large and remote areas.

b)      Provides global connectivity.

c)       Supports high-bandwidth applications.

Disadvantages:

a)       Expensive to launch and maintain satellites.

b)      Affected by weather conditions (e.g., rain fade).

c)       High latency (delay) due to long distances.

 

2076 GIE Set B Q.No. 9 Describe the different types of communication media in networking. [5]

Ans:

A transmission medium, also known as communication media is a pathway that carries the information from the sender to the receiver. It can be either guided (wired) or unguided (wireless) as explained below:

1. Guided Media: Guided media refers to transmission that uses a physical pathway to direct signals from the sender to the receiver.

Key Characteristics:

a)       The signal is confined to a path/medium/channel.

b)      Usually more secure and less affected to interference and environmental factors like weather compared to unguided media.

c)       Suitable for short to medium distances.

Examples:

a)       Twisted Pair Cable: Used in telephone lines and Ethernet cables.

b)      Coaxial Cable: Used for cable TV and broadband connections.

c)       Optical Fiber: Used for high-speed internet and long-distance communication.

Applications: Local area networks (LANs), wired telephony, and high-speed internet.

2. Unguided Media: Unguided media refers to wireless transmission where the signal travels through free space (air, vacuum, or water) without a physical conductor.

Key Characteristics:

a)       The signal is broadcast in all directions and can be intercepted easily.

b)      Usually less secure and more affected to interference and environmental factors like weather.

c)       Suitable for long distances or areas where laying physical cables is impractical.

Examples:

a)       Radio Waves: Used in AM/FM radio, television broadcasts, and mobile phones.

b)      Microwaves: Used in satellite communication and point-to-point links.

c)       Infrared and Laser Signals: Used in remote controls and point-to-point communication in limited ranges.

Applications: Mobile networks, Wi-Fi, satellite communication, and broadcasting.

 

2075 Set B Q.No. 10 What is transmission media? Explain any two different types of transmission media. [1+2+2]

2070 Set Q.No. 10 Explain any two-transmission media with appropriate diagrams. [2.5+2.5]

Ans:

A transmission medium, also known as communication media is a pathway that carries the information from the sender to the receiver. It can be either guided (wired) or unguided (wireless). Any two-transmission media with appropriate diagrams are as follows:

1) Coaxial Cable: Has a central conductor, insulating layer, metallic shield, and outer jacket.

Ø  Types: RG-6 (cable TV), RG-59 (CCTV), RG-11 (long-distance).

Ø  Applications: Cable TV, broadband internet, and CCTV systems.

Ø  Advantages: Higher bandwidth, better noise resistance.

Ø  Disadvantages: Bulky, limited distance.

2) Fiber Optic Cable: Uses light pulses to transmit data through glass or plastic fibers.

Ø  Types: Single-mode (long-distance) and multimode (short-distance).

Ø  Applications: Telecommunications, internet backbones, and data centers.

Ø  Advantages: Extremely high bandwidth, long-distance transmission.

Ø  Disadvantages: Expensive, fragile, complex installation.

 

2066 Q.No. 6 Explain about OSI/ISO model of networking. [7]

Ans:

The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a conceptual framework that describes how data travels across a network. It divides the complex process of network communication into seven distinct layers, each with a specific function.

1. Physical Layer: Deals with the physical transmission of raw data (bits) over a medium (cables, wireless signals, etc.). Examples: Cables, connectors, network interface cards (NICs), wireless signals.

2. Data Link Layer: Responsible for reliable communication between two directly connected devices. It packages data into frames, handles error detection, and controls access to the physical medium. Examples: Ethernet, Wi-Fi, MAC addresses.

3. Network Layer: Handles routing of data packets across networks. It determines the best path for data to travel and manages logical addressing (IP addresses). Examples: IP (Internet Protocol), routers.

4. Transport Layer: Ensures reliable end-to-end delivery of data between applications. It handles segmentation, reassembly, and flow control. Examples: TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), UDP (User Datagram Protocol).

5. Session Layer: Establishes, manages, and terminates connections (sessions) between applications. It handles authentication and authorization. Examples: Not as commonly used in modern networks.

6. Presentation Layer: Deals with data formatting, encryption, and decryption. It ensures that data is presented in a way that applications can understand. Examples: Encryption protocols (SSL/TLS), data compression.

7. Application Layer: Provides network services to applications. This is the layer that users interact with directly. Examples: Web browsers (HTTP), email clients (SMTP), file transfer (FTP).

 

2076 GIE Set A Q.No. 9 What is a computer network? List out hardware equipment to establish the computer network. [2+3]

Ans:

Computer network is a group of two or more computers and devices connected to each other through wired or wireless media to exchange data and information and share hardware, software and other resources. Computer networks are classified as follows:

1) LAN (Local Area Network): A network that connects devices within a small geographic area, such as a home, office, or school, enabling resource sharing and communication.

2) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): A network that covers a larger geographic area, such as a city or campus, connecting multiple LANs.

3) WAN (Wide Area Network): A network that spans a large geographic area, such as a country or the world, connecting multiple LANs and MANs, often using public or private infrastructure.

List of Hardware Equipment Required to Establish a Computer Network are as follows:

1.    Router: Directs data between networks and connects devices to the internet.

2.    Switch: Connects multiple devices within a network and manages data traffic.

3.    Modem: Converts digital signals for internet access via telephone lines or fiber optics.

4.    Network Interface Card (NIC): Allows computers to connect to a network, either wired or wireless.

5.    Cables (Ethernet, Fiber Optic, Coaxial): Used for wired connections between devices and networking hardware.

 

2076 GIE Set A Q.No. 10 | 2074 Set B Q.No. 10 Differentiate between LAN and WAN. [5]

Ans:

Local Area Network (LAN): A LAN is a network that covers a small geographic area, such as a home, office, or school. It is typically connected using Ethernet cables or Wi-Fi.

Wide Area Network (WAN): A WAN is a network that covers a large geographic area, such as a city, country, or even the entire world. It is typically connected using telephone lines, satellite links, or fiber optic cables.

Differences between LAN and WAN are as follows:

Feature (Basis of differences)	LAN	WAN
Geographic Coverage	Small area (home, office, school).	Large area (city, country, worldwide).
Speed	High speed (Ethernet, Wi-Fi).	Slower (telephone lines, satellite).
Cost	Less expensive.	More expensive.
Connectivity	Ethernet cables or Wi-Fi.	Telephone lines, satellite, fiber.
Security	More secure (easier to control).	Less secure (multiple connections).

 

2076 Q.No. 10 Describe the wireless network system. List out devices and equipment necessary for Wi-Fi network. [3+2]

Ans:

A wireless network system is a type of communication system that allows devices to connect and communicate without the need for physical cables. It uses radio waves, microwaves, or infrared signals to transmit data between devices. Wireless networks are widely used for their flexibility, mobility, and ease of installation.

Devices and equipment necessary for a Wi-Fi network are as follows:

1. Wireless Router: A device that connects to the internet and broadcasts a wireless signal to which other devices can connect.

2. Wireless Adapter: A device that allows a computer or other device to connect to a Wi-Fi network.

3. Access Point: A device that extends the range of a Wi-Fi network by providing additional wireless coverage.

4. Network Interface Card (NIC): A hardware component that allows a device to connect to a network.

5. Ethernet Cable: A type of cable that is used to connect devices to a network.

6. Power Adapter: A device used to power the wireless router, access point, and other devices that require power to operate.

 

2074 Supp Q.No. 9 What are the functions of router and switch? [2.5+2.5]

Ans:

Router: A router is a device that connect multiple networks and forwards data packets between different networks based on their destination address. It forwards data packets between networks based on their destination IP addresses. The functions of router are as follows:

1. Connects Different Networks: Routes data between local networks (LANs) and external networks (like the Internet).
2. Assigns IP Addresses: Uses DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) to assign IP addresses to devices.
3. Manages Network Traffic: Directs data packets to their correct destinations, improving efficiency.
4. Provides Security: Uses firewalls and encryption to protect the network from unauthorized access.
5. Enables Wireless Connectivity: In Wi-Fi routers, it allows wireless devices to connect to the network.

 

Switch: A switch is a device that connects multiple devices on a local network. It uses MAC addresses to forward data packets to the correct device on the network. The functions of switch are as follows:

1. Connects Devices in a LAN: Links computers, printers, and other devices within the same network.
2. Filters and Forwards Data: Sends data only to the intended recipient instead of broadcasting to all devices.
3. Reduces Network Congestion: Manages data flow efficiently, reducing traffic bottlenecks.
4. Improves Security: Some switches support VLANs (Virtual LANs) to segment networks for better security.
5. Enhances Performance: Uses full-duplex communication, allowing data to be sent and received simultaneously.

 

2072 Set C Q.No. 11 Describe ‘simplex’, ‘half duplex’, and ‘full duplex’ with examples. [5]

2070 Supp Q.No. 10 Describe 'Simplex', 'half duplex' and 'full duplex' channel of communications with examples. [5]

Ans:

Mode of communication refers to the way data is transmitted between devices in a network or communication system. It determines the direction and timing of data flow. There are three primary modes of communication as follows:

1) Simplex: One-way communication where one device sends and the other receives. Example: Radio broadcasting, where stations transmit to receivers without direct communication.

2) Half duplex: Two-way communication where devices can send and receive, but not simultaneously. Example: Walkie-talkies, where users can talk and listen, but not at the same time.

3) Full duplex: Two-way communication where devices can send and receive simultaneously. Example: Telephone calls, where both parties can speak and listen simultaneously.

Comparison of Simplex, Half Duplex, and Full Duplex:

Feature	Simplex	Half Duplex	Full Duplex
Direction of Data	One-way only.	Two-way, but not at the same time.	Two-way simultaneously.
Example	TV broadcasting.	Walkie-talkies.	Telephone calls.
Advantages	Simple and cost-effective.	Allows two-way communication.	Fast and efficient.
Disadvantages	No two-way communication.	Slower than full duplex.	Requires more complex hardware.

 

2063 Q.No. 10 What is networking? Explain the advantages and disadvantages of networking. [2+5]

2071 Set D Q.No. 11 What is Network? List out the types of networks. [5]

2072 Set D Q.No. 9 | 2070 Set Q.No. 8 What is Networking? List the advantages of Networking. [1+4]

2072 Set C Q.No. 10 Define computer network and explain its uses. [1+2+2]

 

 

Ans:

Networking refers to the process in which two or more computers and devices connected to each other through wired or wireless media to exchange data and information and share hardware, software and other resources. Computer networks are classified as follows:

1) LAN (Local Area Network): A network that connects devices within a small geographic area, such as a home, office, or school, enabling resource sharing and communication.

2) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): A network that covers a larger geographic area, such as a city or campus, connecting multiple LANs.

3) WAN (Wide Area Network): A network that spans a large geographic area, such as a country or the world, connecting multiple LANs and MANs, often using public or private infrastructure.

Advantages (Uses) of Networking are as follows:

1. Resource Sharing: Allows multiple users to share printers, files, and internet connections, reducing costs.

2. Communication: Enables instant messaging, emails, and video conferencing, improving collaboration.

3. Centralized Data Management: Data is stored in a central location (server), making access and backups easier.

4. Remote Access: Users can access network resources from different locations, increasing flexibility.

5. Cost Efficiency: Reduces hardware costs by allowing shared use of devices like printers and storage.

Disadvantages of Networking are as follows:

1. Security Risks: Networks are vulnerable to hacking, viruses, and data breaches.

2. High Setup and Maintenance Costs: Requires investment in hardware, software, and network management.

3. Network Failure Issues: If a network component (like a server) fails, it can disrupt operations.

4. Privacy Concerns: Unauthorized access to personal and sensitive data is a risk.

5. Dependency on Network: If the network goes down, users lose access to shared resources and communication.

 

2061 Q.No. 7 What are the different types of LAN topology? Explain. [2+5]

2060 Q.No. 10 What is network topology? What are the different types of LAN topology? Explain. [3+4]

Ans:

Network topology is the arrangement or layout of devices and connections within a network, defining how they interact and exchange data. Some common types of network topologies:

1) Bus Topology: All devices are connected to a single central cable, known as the bus.

2) Star Topology: All devices are connected to a central hub or switch.

3) Ring Topology: Each device is connected to exactly two other devices, forming a circular data path.

4) Mesh Topology: Devices are interconnected, with multiple pathways for data to travel between nodes.

5) Tree Topology: A hierarchical structure with a root node and multiple levels of connected devices.

6) Hybrid Topology: A combination of two or more different topologies to form a complete network.

The different types of LAN topology are explained as follows:

Feature	Bus Topology	Ring Topology	Star Topology
Description	A network topology where all devices are connected to a single central cable (called the bus), which acts as the shared communication medium.	A network topology where devices are arranged in a closed-loop structure, with each device connected to exactly two others.	A network topology where all devices are connected to a central hub or switch, which manages communication.
Data Transmission	Broadcast-based; all devices hear every message but only the intended recipient processes it.	Token-passing; a token circulates in the loop, granting devices permission to transmit.	Hub-based; data is sent to the central hub, which forwards it to the recipient.
Pros (Advantages)	- Cost-effective for small networks. - Easy to expand with T-connectors.	1. Data travels in one direction, reducing collisions. 2. Equal access to resources for all devices.	1. Easy to install and troubleshoot. 2. Failure of one device does not affect the network.
Cons (Disadvantages)	- Main cable failure halts the network. - Performance degrades with traffic.	1. If one device fails, the entire network can be disrupted. 2. Difficult to troubleshoot.	1. Requires a central hub, increasing cost. 2. If the central hub fails, the entire network goes down.

Note: Draw diagram of BUS, STAR AND RING topology yourself

 

V.V. IP Q. 2.1 Basic elements of Communication System 2.2 Concept of Communication System 2.3 Block Diagram of communication System /Model 2.4 Elements of Data Communication/Transmission

Ans:

A communication system is a collection of hardware, software, and protocols designed to reliably and efficiently transfer information from one point (the source) to another (the destination). 

1)    Information Source: This is where the message originates. It could be:

a)     A person speaking (sound)

b)    A computer (data)

c)     A camera (images/video)

d)    A sensor (temperature, pressure, etc.)

2)    Input Transducer: Converts the information from the source into an electrical signal. Examples:

a)     Microphone (sound to electrical)

b)     Camera (light to electrical)

3)    Transmitter: Processes the electrical signal to make it suitable for transmission. This often involves:

a)     Modulation: Encoding the information onto a carrier wave (think of it like putting your message in an envelope for easier delivery).

b)    Amplification: Increasing the signal strength for better travel.

4)    Channel: The medium through which the signal travels. This could be:

a)     Air (radio waves, Wi-Fi)

b)    Wires (telephone lines, cables)

c)     Optical Fiber (light signals)

d)    Space (satellite communication)

5)    Receiver: Receives the transmitted signal and performs the reverse of the transmitter's job:

a)     Demodulation: Extracts the original information from the carrier wave.

b)    Filtering: Removes noise or interference.

c)     Amplification: Further boost the signal.

6)    Output Transducer: Converts the electrical signal back into a form understandable by the destination:

a)     Speaker (electrical to sound)

b)    Computer screen (digital to visual)

c)     Printer (digital to text/image)

7)    Destination: The intended recipient (a person or thing that receives) of the message. This could be:

a.     A person listening

b.     A computer receiving data

c.     A storage device

 

2060 Q.No. 10 Write short notes on UTP cable.

Ans:

A UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) cable is a type of networking cable made up of multiple pairs of twisted copper wires. It is commonly used for Ethernet networking in LANs (Local Area Networks) and telecommunications. Unlike STP (Shielded Twisted Pair) cables, UTP cables do not have extra shielding, making them more flexible and cost-effective.

Features of UTP Cable are as follows:

a) Consists of twisted copper wire pairs to reduce electromagnetic interference (EMI).
b) Lightweight and flexible due to the absence of shielding.
c) Cost-effective compared to other networking cables like fiber optics or coaxial cables.
d) Used in Ethernet networks, telephone lines, and home/office networking.

 

Q) Write Short Note on:

2075 Set A Q.No. 15 | 2073 Set D Q.No. 15a 1) WiFi (Wireless Fidelity):

Wi-Fi is a technology that allows devices to connect to a network wirelessly.

Ø  It uses radio waves to transmit data between devices, such as laptops, smartphones, and tablets.

Ø  Wi-Fi is commonly used in homes, offices, and public places, such as coffee shops and airports, to provide internet access to multiple devices.

Ø  Wi-Fi networks can be either public or private, and they can be secured or unsecured.

Ø  Wi-Fi operates on two frequency bands: 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz. The 2.4 GHz band is more widely used and has a longer range, but it is also more prone to interference from other devices. The 5 GHz band has a shorter range but is less prone to interference and can provide faster data transfer speeds.

 

2074 Set A Q.No. 15b | 2073 Supp Q.No. 15a 2) TCP/IP:

TCP/IP is a set of communication protocols used to interconnect network devices on the internet and other networks. It defines how data is transmitted, addressed, routed, and received across networks. Key Components of TCP/IP are as follows:

a) Transmission Control Protocol (TCP):

Ø  Ensures reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery of data between applications.

Ø  Breaks data into packets, sends them, and reassembles them at the destination.

b) Internet Protocol (IP):

Ø  Handles addressing and routing of data packets to ensure they reach the correct destination.

Ø  Uses IP addresses to identify devices on the network.

The TCP/IP model consists of 4 layers:

1. Application Layer: Provides protocols for specific applications (e.g., HTTP, FTP, SMTP).
2. Transport Layer: Ensures data delivery (e.g., TCP, UDP).
3. Internet Layer: Handles addressing and routing (e.g., IP, ICMP).
4. Network Access Layer: Manages hardware and physical connections (e.g., Ethernet, Wi-Fi).

 

2071 Supp Q.No. 15(i) | 2063 Q.No. 7 | 2073 Set C Q.No. 15b | 2066 Supp Q.No. 12b 3) Protocol:

A protocol is a set of rules and standards that define how data is transmitted and communicated between devices in a network. It ensures that different devices can understand and exchange information correctly.

Examples of Networking Protocols:

Ø  TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol): Used for internet communication.

Ø  HTTP/HTTPS (HyperText Transfer Protocol/Secure): Used for web browsing.

Ø  FTP (File Transfer Protocol): Used for transferring files over a network.

Ø  SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): Used for sending emails.

Ø  DNS (Domain Name System): Converts domain names (e.g., google.com) into IP addresses.

 

2063 Q.No. 7 (i) | 2058 Q.No. 4 Workstation:

A workstation is a high-performance computer designed for professional or technical applications requiring greater computing power, reliability, and efficiency than a standard personal computer (PC). Workstations are commonly used in fields like engineering, graphic design, video editing, scientific research, and software development.

Features of a Workstation are as follows:

a) High-Performance Hardware: Equipped with powerful processors (e.g., Intel Xeon, AMD Ryzen Threadripper) and large RAM capacity.
b) Enhanced Graphics Capabilities: Often includes dedicated GPUs (e.g., NVIDIA Quadro, AMD Radeon Pro) for tasks like 3D modeling and rendering.
c) Multi-Tasking Capability: Supports running complex applications simultaneously without performance lag.
d) Optimized for Networking: Can be connected to LANs (Local Area Networks) and servers for collaborative work.