5. Object- Oriented Programming(OOP) [Most Important Questions and Solutions]

 IMPORTANT OLD QUESTION OF Object- Oriented Programming

2081 GIE Set A Q. No. 12 Define the term "Class". Explain the concept of encapsulation. How does it help in achieving data hiding in object-oriented programming?  [5]

Ans:

A class is a blueprint or template for creating objects. It defines a set of properties (attributes) and methods (functions) that the objects created from the class will have.

Encapsulation is a fundamental concept in Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) that involves wrapping(bundling) data (attributes) and methods (functions) into a single unit (class).

Encapsulation plays a crucial role in data hiding by restricting direct access to the internal details of an object. In Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), encapsulation allows a class to control how its data is accessed and modified by:

1. Making Data Private: Class attributes (variables) can be declared as private so they cannot be accessed directly from outside the class.
2. Providing Controlled Access: Instead of allowing direct access to data, encapsulation provides getter and setter methods.
3. Hiding Internal Implementation Details: The internal workings of a class are hidden from external code, meaning users interact with the class through a controlled interface.

 

2081 GIE Set B Q. No. 12 How are programmers benefited from inheritance and polymorphism features of OOPs?

2068 Q. No. 6, 2062 Q. No. 8 Why are polymorphism and inheritance important concepts of OOP? Explain.  [7]

Ans:

Inheritance and polymorphism are two fundamental features of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) that provide significant benefits to programmers. Here's how they help:

1. Inheritance (Code Reusability & Hierarchy):

Inheritance allows programmers to create new classes based on existing ones, reducing redundancy and improving maintainability. This provides several advantages(importances):

a)       Code Reusability: Common functionalities are defined in a base class and reused in derived classes.

b)      Faster Development: New classes can inherit existing logic instead of writing from scratch.

c)       Scalability: Easy to extend existing code with additional features.

d)      Better Organization: Establishes a clear relationship between general and specific classes.

2. Polymorphism (Flexibility & Dynamic Behaviour):

Polymorphism enables objects to take multiple forms, allowing programmers to write more flexible and scalable code. This provides several advantages(importances):

a)       Method Overriding: Subclasses can modify inherited methods for specific behaviour.

b)      Method Overloading: Allows multiple functions with the same name but different parameters, improving readability.

c)       Dynamic Binding (Runtime Polymorphism)

d)      Simplifies Code Maintenance: Reduces complexity by allowing generic function calls.

 

2081 Q. No. 12 Write a short note on class and object in OOPs with a real-world example. [2.5 + 2.5]

2080 GIE Set B Q. No. 12 Describe the object and class in OOPs with an example. [2.5+2.5]

2073 Set D Q. No. 11 Explain class and object. [2.5 + 2.5]

2076 GIE Set A Q. No. 1a, 2075 Set A Q. No. 1b Define the terms class and objects. [2.5+2.5]

Ans:

Class:

A class is a blueprint or template for creating objects. It defines a set of properties (attributes) and methods (functions) that the objects created from the class will have. The class acts as a prototype from which individual objects are created, encapsulating data for the object and methods to manipulate that data.

A real-world example:

A class is like a blueprint for a car, defining its general attributes (make, model, color) and functions (start, accelerate, brake).

Object:

An object is an instance of a class. It is a specific realization of a class with actual values for the properties defined by the class. Objects can interact with one another through methods, making them the building blocks of an application. The object represents a real-world entity that combines both   attributes(data) and behaviours (methods/functions).

A real-world example:

An object is a specific car built from that blueprint, such as a blue 2024 Tesla with a hybrid engine and sunroof, having actual values for its properties while sharing the general design and functions of the class.

 

2080 GIE Set A Q. No. 12 Describe the inheritance concept with an example. [5]

2075 Set B Q. No. 15, 2066 Q. No. 12a Write short note on Inheritance [5]

2079 GIE Set B Q. No. 12 What is inheritance? Explain with an example. [5]

Ans:

In Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), inheritance is a fundamental concept that allows a class (called a subclass or derived class) to inherit properties and behaviours (methods and attributes) from another class (called a superclass or base class).

For example:

Superclass = Animal (base class)

Subclass = Mammal, Bird, Fish (derived classes)

Inheritance = Mammals, Birds, and Fish inherit common features (like eat()) from the Animal class, but they also add their own specific features (like nurse() for Mammals, fly() for Birds, swim() for Fish).

Advantages of Inheritance:

a) Code Reusability: Common functionalities are defined in a base class and reused in derived classes.

b) Faster Development: New classes can inherit existing logic instead of writing from scratch.

c) Scalability: Easy to extend existing code with additional features.

d) Better Organization: Establishes a clear relationship between general and specific classes.

Different types of inheritance in Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) are as follows:

1) Single Inheritance:

A subclass inherits from one superclass.

2) Multiple Inheritance:

A subclass inherits from more than one superclass.

3) Multilevel Inheritance:

A subclass inherits from another subclass, forming a chain.

4) Hierarchical Inheritance:

Multiple subclasses inherit from a single superclass.

 

2070 Set D Q. No. 11, 2075 GIE Q. No. 1b Explain polymorphism and inheritance with examples. [2.5 + 2.5]

2071 Supp Q. No. 14, 2067 Q. No. 9, 2063 Q. No. 8, 2061 Q. No. 11 Explain the terms polymorphism and inheritance.

2058 Q. No. 5 Polymorphism and Inheritance are important concepts of OOP. What do you understand by these two terms?

Ans:

Polymorphism refers the ability of an object to take on different forms depending upon situations. The same method(function) can behave differently on different classes. Different types of Polymorphism in OOP are as follows:

1) Compile-time Polymorphism (Static Polymorphism)

2) Runtime Polymorphism (Dynamic Polymorphism)

A real-world example:

Consider a universal remote control that can be used to operate different devices. The “start” button might start the engine in a car, turn on the TV, or begin playback on a DVD player. The same button (method) works in different ways depending on the device (object).

 

In Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), inheritance is a fundamental concept that allows a class (called a subclass or derived class) to inherit properties and behaviours (methods and attributes) from another class (called a superclass or base class).

A real-world example:

Superclass = Animal (base class)

Subclass = Mammal, Bird, Fish (derived classes)

Inheritance = Mammals, Birds, and Fish inherit common features (like eat()) from the Animal class, but they also add their own specific features (like nurse() for Mammals, fly() for Birds, swim() for Fish).

 

2080 Q. No. 12 How is event-driven program (or OOP) differing from procedural-oriented programming? Explain. [5]

2078 Set A Q. No. 12 Compare the OOPs and procedural programming language. [5]

2075 GIE Q. No. 11 Distinguish between OOP and procedural language. [5]

2068 Cancelled Q. No. 5, 2057 Q. No. 8 What is object-oriented programming? How is it different from the procedural-oriented programming? [3+4]

Ans:

Basis of differences        (Comparison)	OOP (Object-Oriented Programming)/ event-driven	Procedural Programming (Structural Programming)
1. Paradigm	Focuses on objects and classes.	Focuses on functions and procedures.
2. Structure	Organized around objects that encapsulate data and behaviour.	Organized around a sequence of tasks or steps.
3. Data Handling	Emphasizes data encapsulation and security.	Data is often exposed and shared globally.
4. Code Reusability	Achieved through inheritance and polymorphism.	Reusability is limited to function calls.
5. Modularity	Programs are divided into objects and classes.	Programs are divided into functions.
6. Scalability	Better suited for large and complex systems.	Less suitable for complex, large systems.
7. Development Approach	Follows a bottom-up approach, building reusable objects first.	Follows a top-down approach, breaking the task into smaller procedures.
8. Examples of Usage	Used for GUI, simulations, and real-world modelling.	Used for smaller, process-driven tasks.
9. Examples of Languages	Java, C++, Python , C#.	C, Pascal, Fortran, Basic.
10. Polymorphism and Inheritance	Supports both for flexibility and code reuse.	Not supported natively.
11. Debugging	Easier to debug and maintain due to modularity.	Harder to debug in large systems.

 

2079 GIE Set A Q. No. 12 Write the advantages of OOPs. [5]

2075 Set A Q. No. 11 What are the importance of OOP? [5]

2071 Set C Q. No. 12, 2070 Supp Q. No. 12 What is OOP? List the advantages of OOP. [1+4+5]

2058 Q. No. 6 Compared to procedure-oriented programming, what advantage does event-driven programming offer? [5]

2078 Set C Q. No. 3b, 2075 Set B Q. No. 2a Write the importance of OOPs. [5]

Ans:

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based on the concept of objects, which contain both data (attributes) and methods (functions). OOP promotes modularity, reusability, and scalability by organizing code into classes and objects.

Some advantages (Importances) of OOP (Object-Oriented Programming) are as follows:

1.    Code Reusability: OOP allows the reuse of existing code through inheritance, reducing redundancy and improving efficiency.

2.    Modularity & Maintainability: Code is organized into classes and objects, making it easier to modify, debug, and maintain.

3.    Encapsulation & Data Security: Encapsulation protects data by restricting direct access and allowing controlled modifications through methods.

4.    Flexibility with Polymorphism: Polymorphism enables the same function to work differently based on the object, increasing flexibility and reducing code duplication.

5.    Scalability & Real-World Modelling: OOP supports complex applications by simulating real-world entities, making it ideal for large-scale software development.

6.    Abstraction: OOP helps hide complex implementation details and exposes only essential features, making it easier to understand and use objects.

 

2073 Supp Q. No. 10 What is OOP? Write the application of OOP. [5]

Ans:

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based on the concept of objects, which contain both data (attributes) and methods (functions). OOP promotes modularity, reusability, and scalability by organizing code into classes and objects. For example: Designing a car, where each part (like the engine, wheels, and seats) is an object with its own properties and functions, all working together to form the complete vehicle.

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is widely used across many domains and applications due to its advantages like modularity, reusability, and ease of maintenance. Some common applications of OOP are as follows:

1. Graphical User Interface (GUI) Applications

Examples: Java Swing, C# Windows Forms.

2. Video Games

Examples: Unity (C#), Unreal Engine (C++).

3. Web Development

Backend Examples: Laravel (PHP).

Frontend Examples: React (JavaScript).

4. Enterprise Applications

Examples: ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning), CRM (Customer Relationship Management) systems.

5. Simulation Systems

Examples: Traffic simulation, flight simulation software.

6. Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning

Examples: TensorFlow, scikit-learn (Python).

7. Embedded Systems

Examples: Robotics software, IoT applications.

8. Cloud Computing

Examples: AWS, Microsoft Azure.

9. Mobile Applications

Examples: Android (Java/Kotlin), iOS (Swift/Objective-C).

 

2072 Set Q. No. 12 What is OOP? List the characteristics. [1+4]

2066 Supp Q. No. 11 Explain the characteristics of object-oriented programming. [7]

Ans:

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based on the concept of objects, which contain both data (attributes) and methods (functions).

Some characteristics(features) of OOP are as follows:

1) Class:

A class is a blueprint or template for creating objects. It defines a set of properties (attributes) and methods (functions) that the objects created from the class will have.

2) Object:

An object is an instance of a class. It is a specific realization of a class with actual values for the properties defined by the class. Objects can interact with one another through methods, making them the building blocks of an application.

3) Polymorphism:

Polymorphism refers the ability of an object to take on different forms depending upon situations. The same method(function) can behave differently on different classes.

4) Inheritance: In Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), inheritance is a fundamental concept that allows a class (called a subclass or derived class) to inherit properties and behaviours (methods and attributes) from another class (called a superclass or base class).

5) Encapsulation:

Encapsulation is a fundamental concept in Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) that involves wrapping(bundling) data (attributes) and methods (functions) into a single unit (class) and hides the internal details from the outside world.

6) Abstraction:

Abstraction involves hiding the complex implementation details and showing only the essential features of the object.

 

2069 Q. No. 14 Write the advantages and disadvantages of OOP. [5]

Ans: See 2079 GIE Set A Q. No. 12 for advantages

Some disadvantages of OOP are as follows:

1. OOP can be harder to learn and understand, especially for beginners, due to its advanced    concepts.

2. Programs written in OOP can be slower and use more memory compared to procedural programming.

3. OOP often results in larger codebases because of the multiple classes and objects.

4. Designing OOP-based applications can take more time due to the need for careful planning and structuring.

5. For simple or small programs, OOP might be overkill, making procedural programming a more practical choice.